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The related questions of consciousness and the (sense of) self are probably the most discussed issues in contemporary cognitive science. Though an arbitrary selection, I would suggest that the following books are of particular importance: Calvin, Deacon, Dennett, Donald, Edelman, Flanagan, Humphry (1992), and Varela et al. To complement and extend these fundamental studies, and for a richer sample of the issues involved, together with aspects of the relationships among biology, cognition, and computation, in addition to Restak (cited in the text), see Baars, Black, Damasio, DuPreez, Eiser, Fischer, Gazzaniga, Gee, Gergen (1991), Harth, Hermans and Kempen, Lakoff (1995), Lloyd, Madison, Maturana and Varela, Mithen, Neisser, Neisser and Fivush, Ornstein, Pinker, Schwalbe, Searle, and Tooby and Cosmides.
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See also Lynch and Scott on the unbroken continuum from molecular structure to social structure, as well as the concept of «structural coupling» (a kind of organism-environment mutual self-definition) described by Maturana and Varela. Of fundamental importance, also, is the «ecological» approach to perception developed by Gibson and the subsequent emergence of «ecological psychology;» see Anderson, Neisser, Neisser and Fivush, Reed, and Shaw and Bransford.
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In fact, cognition is increasingly being conceived of in ways that are not limited by the human body. Early versions of this approach can be found in Bakhtin's dialogism and, especially, Vygotsky's ideas about language and other prostheses as extensions of human thinking; see Bechtel, Clark, Clark and Chalmers, and Maturana and Varela. For the most original, exciting, and influential approach to extended cognition based on evolution, see Donald's chapters on external memory storage.
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The separation of mind and body by Freud was one of the primary points criticized by Bakhtin (Voloshinov) as early as 1927. See especially Damasio (cited earlier in the text) on the absolutely necessary continuity between mind and body -and social context.
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On the brain functions that go on all the time outside of consciousness see S. Epstein, Kihlstrom, LeDoux, Ratner, and Reber.
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Hobson's presentation of the «activation-synthesis» model also includes a history of dream research and detailed comparisons with, and criticism of, Freudian theory. Hobson's is an indispensable book for anyone interested in human dreaming. See also Reiser and Winson.
127
The essential book on infant cognition and child development is that of Stern. In addition, see: Ammaniti and Stern, Clark (1997), Daly and Wilson, Masling and Bornstein, Neisser (1993), Nelson, Spence, Thelen and Smith, and Weiskrantz.
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On the issues involved in repressed memory, recovered memory, false memory syndrome, and related concepts, see Crews et al., Lindsay and Read, Loftus, Ofshe and Watters, Schachter, and Spence.
129
Criticism of and attacks on Freud in particular and psychoanalytic theory in general make up an already large and ever increasing bibliography. Though some of these books are too hysterical and irresponsible to be taken seriously, a few particularly thoughtful and comprehensive studies are those by Erwin, Esterson, Fancher, Grünbaum, and W. Epstein. Those attempts by some neuroscientists and cognitive and developmental psychologists to salvage aspects of Freudian theory within the paradigm of cognitive science and neuroscience have inevitably resulted in versions of psychoanalytic thought that would rarely, if ever, be acceptable to Freud, Lacan, or their true believers; see, especially, Bucci; but also see Barron et al., Erdelyi, Harris, Kitcher, Kosslyn, Modell, Reiser, and Winson.
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And I am certainly not suggesting that there is no validity to clinical practice and therapy, which are essential in our society, and which, of course, also come in many varieties in addition to Freudian and Lacanian.